Neuroscientist, born in Harford, CT. He studied at Chicago Univeristy, then worked at Harvard, the Yerkes Laboratory of Primate Biology (1941-6), and Chicago University (1946-52), becoming professor of psychobiology at the California Institute of Technology (1954-84). He first made his name in the field of developmental neurobiology, and in the 1950s and 1960s pioneered surgical and experimental behavioral investigations. He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.