Zoologist and ethologist, born in Vienna. He studied medicine at Vienna, and became professor at the Albertus University in Königsberg, headed the Institute of Comparative Ethology at Altenberg, established a comparative ehthology department in the Max Planck Institute, and became its co-director in 1954. The founder of ethology, his studies have led to a deeper understanding of behavior patterns in animals, notably imprinting in young birds. In his book On Aggression (1963) he argued that aggressive behaviour in humans may be modified or channeled, but in other animals it it purely survival motivated. King Solomon's Ring (1949) and Man Meets Dog (1950) also enjoyed wide popularity. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.