Biochemist and educator, born in New Haven, CT. He created at Yale the first American course in physiological chemistry (later known as biochemistry), remaining there until 1922, and bringing Yale's Sheffield Scientific School into prominence as its directore (1898-1922). He made pioneering studies in the enzymatic degestion of proteins and starch, isolated glycogen ("animal starch") in 1875, and advocated a low-protein diet for humans. He also investigated the toxicology of human alcohol and chemical addiction.