Appendix 1
Relationship Between Population Density of Individual Species and Patch Size
| Animal | Patch Character | Patch size | Latitude | CV | r | Sample Size | Reference |
| I. INSECTS | |||||||
| Acalymma vittatum (Chrysomelidae) |
Cucurbita maxima | 1, 4, 16, 36, 100, 144 plants | 42 | 148.41 | -0.41231 | 36 | Bach (1988) |
| Amphicephalus simplex (Cicadellidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 50 - 105 m2 | 40 | ------- | -0.932 | 15 | Denno et al. (1981) |
| Amphicephalus simplex (Cicadellidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.94999 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Anticarsia gemmatalis (Noctuidae) |
Glycine max | linear rows, 3 - 24 m | 31 | 61.32 | 0.60649 | 24 | Funderburke et al. (1990) |
| Aphelonema simplex (Cicadellidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 50 - 105 m2 | 40 | ------- | 0.893 | 15 | Denno et al. (1981) |
| Aphelonema simplex (Cicadellidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.94999 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Delphacodes detecta (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 50 - 105 m2 | 40 | ------- | 0.342 | 15 | Denno et al. (1981) |
| Delphacodes detecta (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.94999 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Destria bisignata (Cicadellidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 50 - 105 m2 | 40 | ------- | 0.511 | 15 | Denno et al. (1981) |
| Destria bisignata (Cicadellidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.94999 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Chrysomelidae) |
Curcubita maxima | 1, 4, 16, 36, 100, 144 plants | 42 | 148.41 | 0.03 | 36 | Bach (1988) |
| Diabrotica virgifera (Chrysomelidae) |
Cucurbita maxima | 1, 4, 16, 36, 100, 144 plants | 42 | 148.41 | 0.31623 | 36 | Bach (1988) |
| Eriococcus sp. (Eriococcidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.90004 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Megamelus lobatus (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 50 - 105 m2 | 40 | ------- | 0.463 | 15 | Denno et al. (1981) |
| Megamelus lobatus (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.94999 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Metrioptera bicolor (Tettigoniidae) |
Treeless Heathland | patches, 0.25 - 64 ha | 35 | ------- | 0.89805 | 83 | Kindvall & Ahlén (1992) |
| Neomegamelanus dorsalis (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.90004 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Odonaspis sp. (Diaspididae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | 0.90004 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Phyllotreta cruciferae (Chrysomelidae) |
Brassica oleracea | 1, 10, 100 plants | 42 | 298.68 | 0.54104 | 37 | Cromartie (1975) |
| Phyllotreta cruciferae (Chrysomelidae) |
Brassica oleracea | 1, 4, 8 & 16 plants | 39 | 93.07 | 0.54182 | 38 | Karieva (1981) |
| Phyllotreta striolata (Chrysomelidae) |
Brassica oleracea | 1, 10, 100 plants | 42 | 298.68 | 0.54104 | 37 | Cromartie (1975) |
| Phyllotreta striolata (Chrysomelidae) |
Brassica oleracea | 1, 4, 8 & 16 plants | 39 | 93.4 | 0.52523 | 58 | Karieva (1981) |
| Pieris rapae (Pieridae) |
Brassica oleracea | 1, 10, 100 plants | 42 | 298.68 | 0.54104 | 37 | Cromartie (1975) |
| Pieris rapae (Pieridae) |
Brassica oleracea | 9 &81 plants | 39 | 163.79 | -0.87214 | 10 | Maguire (1983) |
| Plutella xylostella (Plutellidae) |
Brassica oleracea | 9 & 81 plants | 39 | 163.79 | -0.49896 | 10 | Maguire (1983) |
| Tetraopes tetraophthalmus (Cerambycidae) |
Asclepias syriaca | patches, 1 - 96 plants | 39 | 137.44 | 0.04306 | 61 | Matter (1997) |
| Tumidagena minuta (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 50 - 105 m2 | 40 | ------- | 0.946 | 15 | Denno et al. (1981) |
| Tumidagena minuta (Delphacidae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | -0.90004 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| Tytthus sp. (Miridae) |
Spartina patens | patches, 1 - 20 ha | 39 | 95.16 | -0.94999 | 4 | Raupp & Denno (1979) |
| II. MAMMALS | |||||||
| Blarina brevicauda | Temperate forest | patches, 93 - 639 m2 | 42 | 41.4 | 0.41963 | 10 | Gottfried (1979) |
| Clethrionomys glareolus | Temperate forest | patches, 0.015 - 0.32 ha | 50 | 11.11 | 0.12341 | 20 | Guese et al. (1985) |
| Clethrionomys glareolus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.3 - 8.0 ha | 63 | 124.69 | 0.50619 | 17 | Hanski & Kuitunen (1986) |
| Dendrolagus lumhotzi | Tropical rainforest | patches, 1.4 - 590 ha | 15 | 229.98 | 0.25811 | 10 | Laurance (1990) |
| Dendrolagus lumhotzi | Tropical rainforest | patches, 2.4 - 74.5 ha | 17 | 98.29 | 0.35822 | 11 | Pahl et al. (1988) |
| Hemibelideus lemuroides | Tropical rainforest | patches, 2.4 - 74.5 ha | 17 | 98.29 | 0.10247 | 11 | Pahl et al. (1988) |
| Hemibelideus lemuroides | Tropical rainforest | patches, 1.4 - 590 ha | 15 | 229.98 | -0.10037 | 10 | Laurance (1990) |
| Microtus agrestis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.29 - 1.0 ha | 65 | 52 | -0.55111 | 7 | Pokki (1981) |
| Microtus agrestis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.3 - 8.0 ha | 63 | 124.69 | -0.04885 | 17 | Hanski & Kuitunen (1986) |
| Microtus ochrogaster | Successional field | patches, 32 - 5000 m2 | 39 | 314.9 | -0.2926 | 55 | Foster & Gaines (1991) |
| Microtus ochrogaster | Temperate forest | patches, 93 - 639 m2 | 42 | 41.4 | 0.23967 | 10 | Gottfried (1979) |
| Microtus pennsylvanicus | Old field | patches, 0.0625 - 1 ha | 39 | 95.5 | 0.08609 | 12 | Dooley (1993) |
| Microtus pennsylvanicus | Temperate forest | patches, 93 - 639 m2 | 42 | 41.4 | 0.61034 | 10 | Gottfried (1979) |
| Ochotona princeps | Rock | patches, 0.14 - 3.18 ha | 34 | 119.3 | -0.04515 | 25 | Smith (1974) |
| Oryzomys palustris | Hardwood hammocks | patches, 0.02 - 0.25 ha | 26 | 113.61 | -0.74073 | 6 | Smith and Vrieze (1979) |
| Peromyscus gossypinus | Hardwood hammocks | patches, 0.02 - 0.25 ha | 26 | 113.61 | -0.75911 | 6 | Smith and Vrieze (1979) |
| Peromyscus leucopus | Old field | patches, 0.0625 - 1 ha | 39 | 95.5 | -0.17585 | 12 | Dooley (1993) |
| Peromyscus leucopus | Temperate forest | patches, 93 - 639 m2 | 42 | 41.4 | 0.14706 | 10 | Gottfried (1979) |
| Peromyscus maniculatus | Successional field | patches, 32 - 5000 m2 | 39 | 314.9 | -0.26428 | 55 | Foster & Gaines (1991) |
| Pseudocheirus archeri | Tropical rainforest | patches, 1.4 - 590 ha | 15 | 229.98 | 0.35253 | 10 | Laurance (1990) |
| Pseudocheirus archeri | Tropical rainforest | patches, 2.4 -74.5 ha | 17 | 98.29 | 0.12841 | 11 | Pahl et al. (1988) |
| Pseudocheirus herbertensis | Tropical rainforest | patches, 1.4 - 590 ha | 15 | 229.98 | 0.33419 | 10 | Laurance (1990) |
| Pseudocheirus herbertensis | Tropical rainforest | patches, 2.4 - 74.5 ha | 17 | 98.29 | 0.84081 | 11 | Pahl et al. (1988) |
| Reithrodontomys megalotis | Successional fields | patches, 32 - 5000 m2 | 39 | 314.9 | -0.34735 | 55 | Foster & Gaines (1991) |
| Sigmodon hispidus | Hardwood hammocks | patches, 0.02 - 0.25 ha | 26 | 113.61 | -0.51819 | 6 | Smith and Vrieze (1979) |
| Sorex araneus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.3 - 8.0 ha | 63 | 124.69 | 0.31318 | 17 | Hanski & Kuitunen (1986) |
| Sorex caecutiens | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.3 - 8.0 ha | 63 | 124.69 | 0.64484 | 17 | Hanski & Kuitunen (1986) |
| Sorex minutus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.3 - 8.0 ha | 63 | 124.69 | -0.27187 | 17 | Hanski & Kuitunen (1986) |
| Tamais striatus | Deciduous forest | patches, 2.9 - 8.9 ha | 45 | 41.35 | 0.44805 | 5 | Henderson et al. (1985) |
| Trichosurus vulpecula | Tropical rainforest | patches, 1.4 - 590 ha | 15 | 229.98 | 0.14318 | 10 | Laurance (1990) |
| Trichosurus vulpecula | Tropical rainforest | patches, 2.4 - 74.5 ha | 17 | 98.29 | 0.38936 | 11 | Pahl et al. (1988) |
| III. BIRDS | |||||||
| Accipiter cooperii | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.0643 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Accipiter gentilis | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.69195 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Accipiter nisus | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Accipiter nisus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.10176 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Accipter nisus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.07079 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Acrocephalus palustris | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.74102 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.14707 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Actitis hypoleucos | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.12785 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Aegolius funereus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.69195 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Aerodramus vanikorensis | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7-120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | -0.82465 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Agelaius phoeniceus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.19267 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Agelaius phoeniceus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.36561 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Aix sponsa | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.05977 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Alauda arvensis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.517 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Alauda arvensis | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Ammodramus savannarum | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.6957 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Anairetes parulus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.28582 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Anas platyrhynchos | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.282 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Anous minutus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | -0.44852 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Anous minutus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.45004 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Anous stolidus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.00006 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Anous stolidus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | 0.51181 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Anthus pratensis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.25714 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Anthus pratensis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.07506 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Anthus trivialis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.34518 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Anthus trivialis | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.11513 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Aphrastura spinicauda | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.24895 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Aplonis atrifusca | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.32316 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Aplonis opacus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | -0.16624 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Aplonis opacus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | 0.11547 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Aplonis tabuensis | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.71881 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Apus apus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.41211 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Apus apus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.43475 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Archilochus colubris | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.08202 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Archilochus colubris | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.01313 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Archilochus colubris | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.97718 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Asio flammeus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.74102 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Baeolophus bicolor | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.10838 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Baeolophus bicolor | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 40 | 121.33 | 0.05229 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Baeolophus bicolor | Deciduous forest | woodlots, size 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.22252 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Bartramia longicauda | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.43589 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Bombycilla cedrorum | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.604 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Bombycilla cedrorum | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.06092 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Bombycilla cedrorum | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.03122 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Bombycilla garrulus | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.06071 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Bombycilla garrulus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.39978 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Bonasa bonasia | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.08246 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Bonasa umbellus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.20639 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Bonasa umbellus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.0333 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Bubo virginianus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.05692 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Buteo buteo | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.61772 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Buteo jamaicensis | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.12628 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Buteo jamaicensis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.09413 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Buteo lagopus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.1512 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Buteo lineatus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.08829 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Buteo lineatus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.05949 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Buteo platypterus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.00131 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Calidris temminckii | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.10882 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Campephilus magellanicus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.4118 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Caprimulgus vociferus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.00388 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Cardinalis cardinalis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.3975 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Cardinalis cardinalis | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.21543 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Cardinalis cardinalis | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.2944 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Cardeulis barbatus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.41486 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Carduelis cannabina | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.0826 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Carduelis cannabina | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.1448 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Carduelis carduelis | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.10844 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Carduelis chloris | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.11688 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Carduelis chloris | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.03666 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Carduelis chloris | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.11245 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Carduelis flammea | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.05078 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Carduelis flammea | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Carduelis spinus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.09117 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Carduelis spinus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.22736 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Carduelis spinus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.01106 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Carduelis spinus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.41262 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Carduelis tristis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.1364 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Carduelis tristis | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.02683 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Carduelis tristis | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.03687 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Carpodacus erythrinus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.85627 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Carpodacus mexicanus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.12518 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Catharus fuscescens | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.05581 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Catharus fuscescens | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.45693 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Catharus fuscescens | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.34133 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Catharus guttatus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.1569 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Certhia americana | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.21305 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Certhia americana | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.97718 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Certhia familiaris | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.20326 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Certhia familiaris | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.23449 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Certhia familiaris | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.13529 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Coccyzus americannus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.19931 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Coccyzus americannus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.00262 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Coccyzus americannus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.36591 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Coccyzus erythropthalmus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.07432 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Coccyzus erythropthalmus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.20486 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Coccyzus erythropthalmus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.05009 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Colaptes auratus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.34436 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Colaptes auratus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.16563 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Colaptes auratus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.01302 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Colaptes pitius | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | -0.1719 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Colinus virginianus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.26737 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Collocalia spodiopygia | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.33637 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Colorhamphus parvirostris | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.6666 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Columba araucana | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.92095 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Columba oenas | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.62711 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Columba palumbus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.80247 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Columba palumbus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.081 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Columba palumbus | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.10989 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Contopus virens | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.36371 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Contopus virens | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.21426 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Contopus virens | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.10053 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Corvus brachyrhynchos | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.30091 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Corvus brachyrhynchos | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.18743 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Corvus corax | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.02025 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Corvus corax | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.06269 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Corvus corax | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.05414 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Corvus corax | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.06278 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Corvus corone | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.15026 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Corvus corone | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.05678 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Corvus corone | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.05054 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Corvus monedula | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.16594 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Corvus ossifragus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.1043 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Cuculus canorus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.01681 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Cuculus canorus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.23156 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Cuculus canorus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.7211 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Curaeus curaeus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.15125 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Cyanocitta cristata | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.15354 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Cyanocitta cristata | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.29031 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Cyanocitta cristata | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.22661 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Delichon urbica | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.04958 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Delichon urbica | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.92756 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Dendrocopos major | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.23533 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Dendrocopos major | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.35612 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Dendrocopos major | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.29032 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Dendrocopus major | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.74102 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Dendrocopus minor | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.08961 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Dendroica cerulea | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.82572 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dendroica cerulea | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.1138 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Dendroica cerulea | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.96774 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Dendroica discolor | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.11512 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dendroica dominica | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.23159 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Dendroica pensylvanica | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.13818 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dendroica petechia | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.22619 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dendroica virens | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.03248 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dolichonyx oryzivorus | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.60745 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Dryocopus martius | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.12795 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Dryocopus martius | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.34106 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Dryocopus martius | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.51307 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Dryocopus pileatus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.40256 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dryocopus pileatus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.36465 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Ducula oceanica | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | -0.3746 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Ducula pacifica | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.25414 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Dumetella carolinensis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.28822 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Dumetella carolinensis | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.09772 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Dumetella carolinensis | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.21314 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Elaenia albiceps | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.5545 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Emberiza citrinella | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.01393 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Emberiza citrinella | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.09805 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Emberiza citrinella | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Emberiza citrinella | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.10176 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Emberiza rustica | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.14164 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Emberiza schoeniclus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.59438 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Emberiza schoeniclus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.09093 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Empidonax minimus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.26148 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Empidonax virescens | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.38774 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Empidonax virescens | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.06022 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Empidonax virescens | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.81103 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Enicognathus leptorhynchus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.02868 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Erithacus rubecula | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.09297 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Erithacus rubecula | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.04391 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Erithacus rubecula | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.61772 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Eugralla paradoxa | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.28445 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Falco columbarius | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.55268 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Ficedula hypoleuca | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.06007 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Ficedula hypoleuca | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.00096 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Ficedula hypoleuca | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.38473 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Foulehaio carunculata | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.8383 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Fringilla coelebs | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.11306 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Fringilla coelebs | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.16831 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Fringilla coelebs | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.07584 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Fringilla coelebs | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Fringilla montifringilla | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.03374 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Fringilla montifringilla | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.03498 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Fringilla montifringilla | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest. | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Gallicolumbia xanthonura | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | -0.11118 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Gallinago gallinago | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.45696 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Gallinago gallinago | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.0582 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Gallus gallus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | -0.44023 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Garrulus glandarius | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.78884 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Garrulus glandarius | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.07789 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Garrulus glandarius | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.10844 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Geothlypis trichas | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.28849 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Geothlypis trichas | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | -0.55408 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Geothlypis trichas | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.2141 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Gygis alba | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.1444 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Gygis alba | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | -0.84909 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Halcyon chloris | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.64258 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Halcyon chloris | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | 0.03236 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Haliaeetus albicilla | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.24966 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Helmitheros vermivorus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.34856 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Hippolais icterina | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.02216 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Hippolais icterina | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.02152 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Hirundo rustica | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.88548 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Hirundo rustica | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.03149 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Hylocichla mustelia | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.31947 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Hylocichla mustelina | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.30458 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Hylocichla mustelina | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.07454 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Icteria virens | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.13745 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Icterus galbula | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.05816 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Icterus galbula | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.02143 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Icterus galbula | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.08867 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Ixobrychus sinensis | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | 0.79809 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Jynx torquilla | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.80036 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Jynx torquilla | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.01129 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Lagopus lagopus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.08052 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Lanius collurio | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.64581 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Lanius excubitor | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.10844 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Loxia curvirostra | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.48685 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Loxia curvirostra | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.03655 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Loxia curvirostra | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.03971 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Luscinia luscinia | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.29028 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Luscinia svecica | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.08057 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Lymnocryptes minimus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.01292 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Lyrurus tetrix | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.16962 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Megapodius laperouse | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | -0.81495 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Melanerpes carolinus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.55434 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Melanerpes carolinus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.18315 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Melanerpes carolinus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.26516 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Melanerpes erythrocephalus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.04374 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Melanerpes erythrocephalus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.17115 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Melospiza melodia | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.22282 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Melospiza melodia | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.00423 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Melospiza melodia | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | -0.69498 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Milvago chimango | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.61861 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Mimus polyglottos | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.18098 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Mniotilta varia | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.03803 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Molothrus ater | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.00053 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Molothrus ater | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.05438 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Molothrus ater | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.40647 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Motacilla alba | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.2824 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Motacilla alba | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.26323 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Motacilla alba | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.59764 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Motacilla alba | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.00521 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Motacilla flava | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.0371 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Muscicapa striata | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.25871 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Muscicapa striata | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.29697 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Muscicapa striata | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 198.71 | 0.06437 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Muscicapa striata | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.29798 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Myiarchus crinitus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.01885 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Myiarchus crinitus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.13271 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Myiarchus crinitus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.70331 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Myzomela cardinalis | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | -0.5196 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Myzomela cardinalis | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | -0.90901 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Nucifraga caryocatactes | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.18267 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Nucifraga caryocatactes | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Numenius phaeopus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.09895 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Oenanthe oenanthe | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.0113 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Oenanthe oenanthe | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.12312 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Oporornis formosus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.41011 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Otus asio | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.01446 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Parula americana | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.67718 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Parus ater | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.03491 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Parus ater | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.27831 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Parus caeruleus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.15753 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Parus caeruleus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.35649 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Parus caeruleas | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.20577 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Parus cinctus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.75747 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Parus cristatus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.07079 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Parus cristatus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.14999 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Parus cristatus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.04701 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Parus major | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.38817 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Parus major | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 101 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.36008 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Parus major | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.17052 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Parus major | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.1236 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Parus montanus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.2193 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Parus montanus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.29091 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Parus montanus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.17435 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Parus palusons | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.61772 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Passer domesticus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.98571 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Passer domesticus | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.20125 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Passer domesticus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.20242 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Passer domesticus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.13486 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Passer montanus | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.22302 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Passerculus sandwichensis | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.46797 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Passerina cyanea | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.155 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Passerina cyanea | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.0813 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Perisoreus infaustus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.45662 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Phaethon lepturus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.37293 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Phaethon lepturus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 87 - 350 km2 | 5 | 79.7 | 0.18177 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1990) |
| Pheucticus ludovicianus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.09981 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Pheucticus ludovicianus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.30345 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Pheucticus ludovicianus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.11581 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Philomachus pugnax | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.07346 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.34382 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.58038 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.22656 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.064 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Phrygilus patagonicus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.3466 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Phylloscopus collybita | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.14523 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Phylloscopus sibilatrix | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.24456 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Phylloscopus sibilatrix | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.00736 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Phylloscopus trochilus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.40164 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Phylloscopus trochilus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 57 | 208.74 | 0.15234 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Phylloscopus trochilus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.18741 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Phylloscopus trochilus | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.34041 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Pica pica | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.88879 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Pica pica | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.79657 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Pica pica | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.23033 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Picoides lignarius | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.6666 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Picoides pubescens | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.32337 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Picoides pubescens | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.14444 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Picoides pubescens | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.14424 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Picoides tridactylus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.21526 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Picoides tridactylus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.40689 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Picoides villosus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.12124 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Picoides villosus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.015 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Picoides villosus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.50665 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Picus canus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.02257 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Picus canus | Coniferous forest | islands, size 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.33749 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Pinicola enucleator | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.38965 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Pipilo erythrophthalmus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.04411 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Pipilo erythrophthalmus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.18388 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Pipilo erythrophthalmus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.18419 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Piranga olivacea | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.08697 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Piranga olivacea | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.39613 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Piranga olivacea | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.42028 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Plectopenax nivalis | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Pluvialis apricaria | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | -0.06954 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Poecile atricapillus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.12498 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Poecile atricapillus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.01645 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Poecile atricapillus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.33363 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Polioptila caerulea | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.51979 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Polioptila caerulea | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.73829 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Polioptila caerulea | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.38679 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Pooecetes gramineus | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.35916 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Porphyrio porphyrio | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | -0.21626 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Prunella modularis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.3213 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Prunella modularis | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.0143 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Pteroptochos tarnii | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.76443 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Ptilinopus perousii | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.9989 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Ptilinopus porphyraceus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.95875 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Ptilinopus roseicapilla | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | -0.99563 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Pygarrhichas albogularis | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | -0.11822 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Pyrope pyrope | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.29725 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.03373 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.54797 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.10844 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Quiscalus quiscula | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.10434 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Quiscalus quiscula | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.02226 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Rallus philippensis | Tropical rainforest | islands, 4.81 - 141.97 km2 | 14 | 134.42 | 0.76262 | 4 | Engbring & Ramsey (1989) |
| Regulus regulus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.18181 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Regulus regulus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.24938 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Regulus regulus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.10512 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Rhipidura rufifrons | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | 0.0973 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Saxicola rubetra | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.22383 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Saxicola rubetra | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.04792 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Sayornis phoebe | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.08996 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Scelorchilus rubecula | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.59969 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Scolopax rusticola | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.07565 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Scolopax rusticola | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.16651 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Scytalopus magellanicus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.77334 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Seiurus aurocapillus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.48338 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Seiurus aurocapillus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.00664 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Seiurus aurocapillus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.45208 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Seiurus motacilla | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.32212 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Sephanoides galeritus | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.38145 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Setophaga ruticilla | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.04913 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Setophaga ruticilla | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.69172 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Setophaga ruticilla | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.16085 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Sialia sialis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.08384 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Sitta canadensis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.00955 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Sitta carolinensis | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.11931 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Sitta carolinensis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.30156 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Sitta carolinensis | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.47941 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Spizella passerina | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.0784 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Spizella passerina | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.22679 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Spizella pusilla | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.47434 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Spizella pusilla | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.03272 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Spizella pusilla | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.12263 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Spizella pusilla | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.00476 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Streptopelia bitorquata | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7 - 120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | 0.28233 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
| Strix nebulosa | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.08545 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Strix uralensis | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.12033 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Strix varia | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.14022 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Strix varia | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.04166 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Sturnella magna | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | 0.50892 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Sturnus vulgaris | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.15239 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Sturnus vulgaris | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.53066 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Sturnus vulgaris | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.15958 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Sturnus vulgaris | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.27993 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Sturnus vulgaris | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.07509 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Sylvia atricapilla | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.66387 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Sylvia atricapilla | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.61772 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Sylvia borin | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.02901 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Sylvia borin | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.41247 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Sylvia borin | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.23647 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Sylvia communis | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.18719 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Sylvia communis | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.00351 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Sylvia curruca | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.14626 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Sylvia curruca | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.07746 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Sylvia curruca | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.07191 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Sylvia nisoria | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.11086 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.86524 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Tachycineta leucopyga | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | 0.1833 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Tetrao tetrix | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.01252 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Tetrao tetrix | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.04466 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Tetrao urogallus | Coniferous forest | patches, 0.45 - 1.55 km2 | 60 | ------ | 0.04 | 12 | Rolstad & Wegge (1987) |
| Tetrao urogallus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.21592 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Tetrao urogallus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.03506 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Thryothorus ludovicianus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.33558 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Toxostoma rufum | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.06831 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Toxostoma rufum | Grassland | patches, 0.3 - 404 ha | 43 | ------ | -0.40865 | 235 | Vickery et al. (1994) |
| Toxostoma rufum | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.26491 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Tringa glareola | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.69219 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Tringa nebularia | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.102 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Tringa ochropus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.08323 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Tringa ochropus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.29996 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Troglodytes aedon | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.28166 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Troglodytes aedon | Mixed hardwood forest | patches 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.10355 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Troglodytes aedon | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.08807 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Troglodytes aedon | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | -0.33102 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Troglodytes troglodytes | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.97406 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Turdus falcklandii | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | -0.6405 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Turdus iliacus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.01316 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Turdus iliacus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.27078 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Turdus iliacus | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.10844 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Turdus merula | Deciduous-conifer .mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | 0.31249 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Turdus merula | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | -0.01708 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Turdus merula | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | -0.04511 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Turdus migratorius | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.01965 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Turdus migratorius | Mixed hardwood forest | patches 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.05409 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Turdus migratorius | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.58109 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Turdus philomelos | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.32408 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Turdus philomelos | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | -0.05981 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Turdus philomelos | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.22764 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Turdus pilaris | Deciduous-conifer mixed forest | islands, 0.5 - 2680 ha | 60 | 239.13 | -0.26134 | 12 | Haila (1981) |
| Turdus pilaris | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 885 ha | 69 | 208.74 | 0.29749 | 41 | Haila (1983) |
| Turdus pilaris | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.05873 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Turdus tadorna | Rural farm buildings | patches, 0.5 - 1.25 ha | 57 | 147.62 | 0.16071 | 70 | Møller (1987) |
| Turdus viscivorus | Old coniferous forest | patches, 0.4 - 56 ha | 61 | 167.48 | 0.02385 | 34 | Haila et al. (1987) |
| Tyrannus tyrannus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.07759 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Vanellus vanellus | Coniferous forest | islands, 0.5 - 582 ha | 60 | 215.36 | 0.79683 | 44 | Haila et al. (1983) |
| Vermivora pinus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.18471 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Vireo flavifrons | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.83461 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Vireo flavifons | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | 0.06515 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Vireo flavifons | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.51118 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Vireo griseus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | -0.18955 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Vireo griseus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | -0.06754 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Vireo olivaceus | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.11571 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Vireo olivaceus | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.37458 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Vireo olivaceus | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.28303 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Wilsonia citrina | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.25537 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Wilsonia citrina | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.97718 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Wilsonia canadensis | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.10595 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Zenaida macroura | Hardwood-hemlock forest | patches, 1 - 2633 ha | 40 | 187.09 | 0.1785 | 46 | Askins et al. (1987) |
| Zenaida macroura | Mixed hardwood forest | patches, 6 - 202 ha | 43 | 121.33 | -0.02472 | 64 | Bond (1957) |
| Zenaida macroura | Deciduous forest | patches, 1.8 - 600 ha | 40 | 224.05 | 0.17346 | 15 | Blake & Karr (1987) |
| Zonotricha capensis | Temperate rainforest | patches, 0.5 - 350 ha | 42 | 202.98 | -0.36674 | 10 | Willson et al. (1993) |
| Zosterops conspicillatus | Tropical rainforest | islands, 7-120 km2 | 14 | 63.41 | 0.12713 | 4 | Engbring et al. (1986) |
Last Updated on 2/12/99
By Edward F. Connor