1. Synapomorphies uniting the Plant Kingdom (a.k.a., Chlorobionta)

• True starch.
• Star-shaped array of microfilaments associated with flagella.
• Presence of chlorophyll b.
• Chloroplasts with double membrane; stacked thylakoids.
• Transfer from chloroplast to nucleus of the RuBisCO small subunit gene.
• rRNA sequence data distinguish the plant kingdom as a monophyletic lineage distinct from other photosynthetic organisms.

2. Unique ultrastructural features of the flagellum.

3. Distinctive features of cell division involving a phycoplast, an array of spindle fibers, perpendicular to the axis of division, which helps guide the formation of the new cell wall.

4. Open spindle (nuclear membrane breaks down during mitosis), phragmoplast formation during cell division, loss of eyespot in motile cells, presence of glycolate oxidase.

5. Egg retention in parent prior to fertilization (oogamy), enlargement of zygote and nourishment of zygote by parent, plasmodesmata, gametangia protected by sterile sheaths of cells.

6. Zygote retained and nourished within parent throughout sporogenesis.

7. Archegonium, embryo, cuticle, apical growth.